Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd warmest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.55°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.51-0.59°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.08°C (1.04-1.11°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 3rd and 7th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.51°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.31-0.60°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.21°C (1.06-1.32°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 North Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 3rd and 6th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.76°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.65-0.89°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.65°C (1.54-1.78°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 West Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 4th and 7th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.56°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.38-0.70°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.24°C (1.03-1.36°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Central Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 12th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.55°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.21-0.77°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.16°C (0.80-1.36°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Eastern Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 3rd and 12th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.47°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.17-0.60°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.14°C (0.98-1.25°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Southern Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 7th and 14th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.21°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.08-0.35°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 0.87°C (0.75-1.00°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Indian Ocean

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 7th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.50°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.39-0.68°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.06°C (0.85-1.23°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-01-25 15:48

Dataset and processing details

WMO RA I Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_I_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 7f5843586c2a028c0e472f7389163c0d Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:06']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:25']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:35']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:26']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:35)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:35']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:08']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:51']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:43']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:34']

North Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: North_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 02470dbdd6b1c6a3a54e2352eca7e041 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:33']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:51']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:03']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:52']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:49)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:49']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:24']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:18']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:55']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:01']

West Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: West_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 88d5174337b6d85c4e487e8054f79d0a Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:36']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:54']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:05']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:54']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:50)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:50']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:25']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:20']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:56']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:04']

Central Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Central_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 66787eac6bfcd11fa8e3781503c8b3a3 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:38']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:56']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:07']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:56']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:51)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:51']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:27']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:23']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:57']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:06']

Eastern Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Eastern_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: e53ef64084787eeb2a95b8b0c1d1b81e Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:41']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:59']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:10']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:59']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:52)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:52']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:28']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:25']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:58']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:09']

Southern Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Southern_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 0d5e82625a5f348e0384c195ebb552f9 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:43']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:01']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:12']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:33:01']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:53)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:53']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:29']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:27']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:59']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:11']

Indian Ocean

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Indian_Ocean_data_files.zip
Checksum: 732d977e3e27700de9ec71e94faf2c0b Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:46']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:04']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:15']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:33:03']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:55']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:31']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:30']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:06:00']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:13']

Continental trends

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Continental_trends_data_files.zip
Checksum: e6c91ad22ebb17da17bff8f8eda487aa Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:06']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:25']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:35']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:26']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:35)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:35']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:08']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:51']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:43']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:34']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:08']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:27']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:38']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:28']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:36)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:36']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:10']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:53']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:44']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:37']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:11']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:30']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:40']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:31']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:37)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:37']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:11']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:56']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:45']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:40']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:13']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:32']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:43']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:33']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:39)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:39']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:12']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:58']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:46']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:42']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:16']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:34']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:45']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:35']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:40)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:40']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:14']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:01']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:47']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:44']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:18']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:37']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:48']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:38']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:41)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:41']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:15']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:03']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:48']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:47']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2026-01-22 15:38:43']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['CMST_annual.csv'] downloaded from ['http://www.gwpu.net/en/h-nd-166.html'] at ['2026-01-07 15:06:07']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['DCENT_DCENT_I_GMST_monthly_statistics_embargo.txt'] downloaded from ['https://dcent-i.github.io/'] at ['2026-01-22 15:58:19']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-22 15:38:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202512_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2026-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2026-01-22 15:38:55']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-22 15:39:23 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv', 'totalCI_ERA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv', 'https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/uncertainty/v1.2.1/totalCI_ERA.csv'] at ['2026-01-22 15:39:23', '2025-12-11 11:34:42']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-22 15:39:05 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2026-01-22 15:39:05', '2026-01-22 15:39:05']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-05 10:53:00.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-05 10:53:00']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-22 15:39:13.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202512.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202512.asc'] at ['2026-01-22 15:39:13']

Regional trends Africa

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Regional_trends_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 77e263a380e9b78917d901cd78462a92 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:33']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:51']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:03']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:52']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:49)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:49']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:24']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:18']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:55']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:01']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:36']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:54']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:05']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:54']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:50)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:50']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:25']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:20']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:56']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_2_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_2_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:04']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:38']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:56']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:07']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:56']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:51)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:51']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:27']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:23']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:57']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:06']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:41']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:59']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:10']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:59']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:52)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:52']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:28']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:25']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:58']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:09']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:43']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:01']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:12']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:33:01']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:53)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:53']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:29']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:27']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:59']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:11']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:46']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:04']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:35:15']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:33:03']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:55']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:31']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:30']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:06:00']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file africa_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['africa_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:37:13']

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:06']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:25']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:35']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:26']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:35)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:35']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:08']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:51']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:43']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:34']

Temperature anomaly map Africa

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file CMA_GMST_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['CMA_GMST_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file CMST v3_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['CMST v3_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file DCENT_I_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['DCENT_I_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA v6_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA v6_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map Africa

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file CMA_GMST_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['CMA_GMST_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file CMST v3_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['CMST v3_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file DCENT_I_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['DCENT_I_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA v6_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA v6_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

Precipitation percentile map Africa

Precipitation quantiles are based on the twelve months aggregated GPCC Monitoring Product and First Guess Monthly product. The baseline period is 1991-2020, using Full Data Monthly in its latest version. Quality controlled rain gauge (in situ) data are used and the quality control protocol depends on the data set. The percentiles are not calculated for those grid cells, where the precipitation total aggregated in the reference period is below ten millimetres.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Precipitation_percentile_map_Africa_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

GPCC

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/GPCC_Quantile/Last12Month/gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz']
• Selected single month 12/2025