Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2024 was ranked the 1st warmest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.67°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.63-0.72°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.19°C (1.16-1.24°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 3 South America

The year 2024 was ranked between the 1st and 2nd highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.87°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.72-0.99°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.43°C (1.21-1.60°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Regional mean temperature for Caribbean

The year 2024 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.97°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.80-1.09°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.46°C (1.07-1.69°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Regional mean temperature for Mexico

The year 2024 was ranked between the 1st and 2nd highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 1.09°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (1.01-1.19°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.79°C (1.45-2.10°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Regional mean temperature for Central America

The year 2024 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.96°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.77-1.09°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.44°C (1.26-1.63°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Regional mean temperature for Latin America and Caribbean

The year 2024 was ranked between the 1st and 2nd highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.90°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.76-1.00°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2024 was 1.47°C (1.27-1.63°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2025-01-28 11:38

Dataset and processing details

WMO RA III South America

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_III_South_America_data_files.zip
Checksum: 64782dcac1379b63ac47d7e94404ff62 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:10']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:55']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:36']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:41']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:25']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:01']

Caribbean

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Caribbean_data_files.zip
Checksum: 2ce948f98291312bb58593d4daf434ee Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:11']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:15)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:15']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:23']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:21']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:41']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:43']

Mexico

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Mexico_data_files.zip
Checksum: ea07a444bb0d975ee9c5dd55728883f5 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:15']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:17)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:17']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:26']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:23']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:42']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:46']

Central America

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Central_America_data_files.zip
Checksum: 1c90b3d3b7bc024a1a7c996899721a2b Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:20']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:18)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:18']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:28']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:25']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:44']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:48']

Latin America and the Caribbean

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_data_files.zip
Checksum: dc0141af6d7a17098db5cb7124339c2f Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:24']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:19)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:19']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:31']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:28']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:45']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:51']

Continental trends

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Continental_trends_data_files.zip
Checksum: b9db40142eab9fadc3799bcd88c0598c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:05']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:53)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:53']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:31']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:36']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:22']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:55']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:08']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:54)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:54']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:33']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:38']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:23']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:58']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:10']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:55']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:36']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:41']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:25']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:01']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:12']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:56)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:56']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:39']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:43']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:26']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:04']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:15']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:57)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:57']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:42']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:45']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:27']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:06']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:17']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:58)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:58']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:44']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:48']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:28']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:09']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_summary.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Land_and_Ocean_summary.txt'] at ['2025-01-13 11:56:38']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-04 11:16:58)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202411_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_data.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/ftp-data/temperature/mese/ri/ERA5_1991-2020/C3S_Bulletin_temp_202411_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_data.csv'] at ['2025-01-04 11:16:58']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-08 14:54:09 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv', 'totalCI_ERA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv', 'https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/uncertainty/v1.2.1/totalCI_ERA.csv'] at ['2025-01-08 14:54:09', '2025-01-01 11:45:09']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-09 13:40:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-01-09 13:40:27', '2025-01-01 11:45:10']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-07 10:53:00.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-07 10:53:00']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 16:27:07.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202412.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202412.asc'] at ['2025-01-17 16:27:07']

Regional trends LAC

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Regional_trends_LAC_data_files.zip
Checksum: fbdd683b284d57830757000547521a2e Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:11']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:15)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:15']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:23']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:21']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:41']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:43']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:15']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:17)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:17']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:26']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:23']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:42']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:46']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:20']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:21:18)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:18']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:22:28']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:53:25']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:44']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file lac_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['lac_subregion_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:48']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:19:10']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-01-17 12:20:55)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2025.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:20:55']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 12:21:36']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-01-13 12:31:57 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:57']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-17 11:52:41']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-01-13 12:57:43.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:31:25']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-01-17 10:52:14.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2024."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-01-28 11:32:01']

Temperature anomaly map LAC

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_LAC_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed AAAA.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed AAAA.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA v6_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA v6_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map LAC

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_LAC_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:50']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-01-13 12:31:56 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-01-13 12:31:56']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed AAAA.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-01-13 12:57:43']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed AAAA.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2025-01-17 10:52:14']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA v6_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA v6_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2024 to 2024

Precipitation percentile map LAC

Precipitation quantiles are based on the twelve months aggregated GPCC Monitoring Product and First Guess Monthly product. The baseline period is 1991-2020, using Full Data Monthly in its latest version. Quality controlled rain gauge (in situ) data are used and the quality control protocol depends on the data set. The percentiles are not calculated for those grid cells, where the precipitation total aggregated in the reference period is below ten millimetres.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Precipitation_percentile_map_LAC_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

GPCC

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/GPCC_Quantile/Last12Month/gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz']
• Selected single month 09/2024

LAC Region definitions

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: LAC_Region_definitions_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format