Monthly monitoring
Introduction
Global climate indicators (for an overview see Trewin et al. 2021) provide a broad view of climate change at the largest scale, encompassing the composition of the atmosphere, energy changes, and the responses of the land, ocean, and ice. These indicators are closely related to one another. For example, the rise in CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to an imbalance of energy and thus warming of the atmosphere and ocean. Warming of the ocean in turn leads to rising sea levels, to which is added the melting of ice on land in response to increasing atmospheric temperatures.
The global indicators draw on a wide range of data sets, which are listed at the bottom of the page. Differences between data sets for the same indicator indicate the degree of uncertainty in the indicator. Figures are updated monthly, with some data sets being updated more or less frequently.
Under each of the figures, you will find links to the images in multiple file formats (png, pdf and svg), as well as a set of data as shown in the figure in a common comma-separated values (csv) format. The "Read more" link will take you to a wider range of linked indicators.
Key messages
Dataset and processing details
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is measured at stations around the world which are combined to provide a globally representative value.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Carbon_dioxide_data_files.zip
Checksum: b2ddf14e1a456fe98b42dfbd96376475
Format: BADC CSV format
Kennaook/Cape Grim
Original data file (external link)
Data citation: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/
Acknowledgement: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/ Data measured at the Kennaook / Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station (KCGBAPS), located near the north-west tip of Tasmania, Australia. KCGBAPS is funded and managed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and the scientific program is jointly supervised with CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['CapeGrim_CO2_data_download.csv'] downloaded from ['https://capegrim.csiro.au/GreenhouseGas/data/CapeGrim_CO2_data_download.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:38']
Mauna Loa
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/).
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['co2_mm_mlo.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:40']
WDCGG
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['co2_monthly_20251016.csv'] downloaded from ['https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/static/publications/global_mean_mole_fractions/2025/co2_monthly_20251016.csv'] at ['2025-10-17 10:10:37']
Methane
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas. The concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere is measured at stations around the world which are combined to provide a globally representative value.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Methane_data_files.zip
Checksum: 2cc86b4da44655fb219e2d42d7c9afd0
Format: BADC CSV format
Kennaook/Cape Grim
Original data file (external link)
Data citation: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/
Acknowledgement: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/ Data measured at the Kennaook / Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station (KCGBAPS), located near the north-west tip of Tasmania, Australia. KCGBAPS is funded and managed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and the scientific program is jointly supervised with CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['CapeGrim_CH4_data_download.csv'] downloaded from ['https://capegrim.csiro.au/GreenhouseGas/data/CapeGrim_CH4_data_download.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:42']
NOAA
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Ed Dlugokencky, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends_ch4/)
Acknowledgement: Ed Dlugokencky, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends_ch4/)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['ch4_mm_gl.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/ch4/ch4_mm_gl.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:44']
WDCGG
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['ch4_monthly_20251016.csv'] downloaded from ['https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/static/publications/global_mean_mole_fractions/2025/ch4_monthly_20251016.csv'] at ['2025-10-17 10:10:24']
Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is measured at stations around the world which are combined to provide a globally representative value.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Nitrous_Oxide_data_files.zip
Checksum: 0100283831027dde82b85513dc6a0cbf
Format: BADC CSV format
Kennaook/Cape Grim
Original data file (external link)
Data citation: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/
Acknowledgement: https://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/ Data measured at the Kennaook / Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station (KCGBAPS), located near the north-west tip of Tasmania, Australia. KCGBAPS is funded and managed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and the scientific program is jointly supervised with CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['CapeGrim_N2O_data_download.csv'] downloaded from ['https://capegrim.csiro.au/GreenhouseGas/data/CapeGrim_N2O_data_download.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:47']
WDCGG
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['n2o_monthly_20251016.csv'] downloaded from ['https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/static/publications/global_mean_mole_fractions/2025/n2o_monthly_20251016.csv'] at ['2025-10-17 10:10:47']
Monthly global temperature
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Monthly_global_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: ab9c154d99ef94d35a58b529b66ef0f8
Format: BADC CSV format
Berkeley Earth
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] at ['2025-10-31 10:50:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
Berkeley Earth Hires
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:52']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-12-15 11:24:54)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202511_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2025-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:24:54']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
GISTEMP
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 11:34:21 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2025-12-11 11:34:21']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
HadCRUT5
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-12-16 09:05:53 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:53', '2025-12-16 09:05:53']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
JRA-3Q
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-16 08:39:00.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-12-16 08:39:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
NOAAGlobalTemp v6
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-12-16 09:05:57.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:57']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
Global 12-month temperature
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Global_12-month_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 431f3e341f40017d77648591454d5d9e
Format: BADC CSV format
Berkeley Earth
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] at ['2025-10-31 10:50:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
Berkeley Earth Hires
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:52']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-12-15 11:24:54)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202511_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2025-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:24:54']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
GISTEMP
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 11:34:21 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2025-12-11 11:34:21']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
HadCRUT5
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-12-16 09:05:53 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:53', '2025-12-16 09:05:53']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
JRA-3Q
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-16 08:39:00.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-12-16 08:39:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
NOAAGlobalTemp v6
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-12-16 09:05:57.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:57']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Calculated 12-month trailing moving average
- Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.
- Selected years within the range 1970 to 2025.
Global temperature average year-to-date
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Global_temperature_average_year-to-date_data_files.zip
Checksum: 3770d748da365069fd96192cfcd3b7b6
Format: BADC CSV format
Berkeley Earth Hires
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:52']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-12-15 11:24:54)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202511_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2025-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:24:54']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
GISTEMP
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 11:34:21 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2025-12-11 11:34:21']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
HadCRUT5
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-12-16 09:05:53 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:53', '2025-12-16 09:05:53']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
JRA-3Q
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-16 08:39:00.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-12-16 08:39:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NOAAGlobalTemp v6
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-12-16 09:05:57.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:57']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
Global temperature year by year comparison
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Global_temperature_year_by_year_comparison_data_files.zip
Checksum: 3770d748da365069fd96192cfcd3b7b6
Format: BADC CSV format
Berkeley Earth Hires
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:52']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-12-15 11:24:54)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202511_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2025-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:24:54']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
GISTEMP
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 11:34:21 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2025-12-11 11:34:21']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
HadCRUT5
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-12-16 09:05:53 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:53', '2025-12-16 09:05:53']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
JRA-3Q
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-16 08:39:00.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-12-16 08:39:00']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NOAAGlobalTemp v6
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-12-16 09:05:57.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:57']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
Monthly global sea-surface temperature
Sea-surface temperature (SST) is the temperature of the surface ocean, typically measured in the upper metre, or metres of the ocean, by ships, buoys and satellites.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Monthly_global_sea-surface_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: afe5acdc708ef5a974e0d3c623aae9fe
Format: BADC CSV format
COBE SST 3
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['gm_cobe-sst3'] downloaded from ['https://climate.mri-jma.go.jp/pub/archives/Ishii-et-al_COBE-SST3/gm/gm_cobe-sst3'] at ['2025-06-20 17:02:42']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
DCENT
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Chan, Duo; Gebbie, Geoffrey; Huybers, Peter; Kent, Elizabeth, 2024, DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the earth surface, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW, Harvard Dataverse, V1
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['DCENT_ensemble_1850_2023_ensemble_mean.nc', 'DCENT_monthly_climatology_1982_2014.nc'] downloaded from ['']
- Data set created from file ['DCENT_ensemble_1850_2023_ensemble_mean.nc', 'DCENT_monthly_climatology_1982_2014.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-07-31 11:55:51', '2024-07-31 11:55:49']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
ERSST
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Boyin Huang, Peter W. Thorne, Viva F. Banzon, Tim Boyer, Gennady Chepurin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas M. Smith, Russell S. Vose, and Huai-Min Zhang (2017): NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5T72FNM [2025-12-15 11:26:12].
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:12']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
HadSST4
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: HadSST.4.2.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4 on 2025-12-15 11:26:30 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'HadSST.4.2.0.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:30', '2025-12-15 11:26:30']
- Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
Temperature Anomalies
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Temperature_Anomalies_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected single month 11/2025
Seasonal Temperature Anomalies
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Seasonal_Temperature_Anomalies_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected period from 09/2025 to 11/2025
- Calculated time mean
Annual Temperature Anomalies
Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Annual_Temperature_Anomalies_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
ERA5
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)
Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected period from 12/2024 to 11/2025
- Calculated time mean
Precipitation
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Precipitation_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
GPCC
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/monitoring_v2022/YYYY/monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/first_guess/YYYY/first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected single month 11/2025
Seasonal precipitation anomalies
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Seasonal_precipitation_anomalies_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
GPCC
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/monitoring_v2022/YYYY/monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/first_guess/YYYY/first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected period from 09/2025 to 11/2025
- Calculated time mean
Annual precipitation anomalies
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Annual_precipitation_anomalies_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format
GPCC
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Gridded dataset created from file ['monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/monitoring_v2022/YYYY/monitoring_v2022_10_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/first_guess/YYYY/first_guess_monthly_YYYY_MMMM.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1981_2010_v2022_10.nc.gz', 'https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/gpcc_normals_v2022/normals_1991_2020_v2022_10.nc.gz']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020
- Selected period from 12/2024 to 11/2025
- Calculated time mean
Lower Troposhere Temperature
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Lower_Troposhere_Temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 68e182236006529bcfb873f0ce076830
Format: BADC CSV format
RSS
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['RSS_Monthly_MSU_AMSU_Channel_TLT_Anomalies_Land_and_Ocean_v04_0.txt'] downloaded from ['http://data.remss.com/msu/monthly_time_series/RSS_Monthly_MSU_AMSU_Channel_TLT_Anomalies_Land_and_Ocean_v04_0.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:33']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NOAA STAR
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['NESDIS-STAR_TCDR_TLT_Combined_With_TMT_TUT_TLS_Monthly_S198101-E202507_V5.0_Regional_Means_Anomaly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/data/mscat/MSU_AMSU_v5.0/Monthly_Atmospheric_Layer_Mean_Temperature/Global_Mean_Anomaly_Time_Series/NESDIS-STAR_TCDR_TLT_Combined_With_TMT_TUT_TLS_Monthly_S198101-E202507_V5.0_Regional_Means_Anomaly.txt'] at ['2025-10-14 10:47:52']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
UAH
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['uahncdc_lt_6.1.txt'] downloaded from ['https://www.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.1/tlt/uahncdc_lt_6.1.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:35']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
Sea level
Global mean sea level is a measured by satellites using radar altimeters that record the time taken for a radar signal to reach the sea-surface and return to the satellite. Longer records of sea level (not shown here) exist based on tide gauge measurements made along coastlines around the world since the late 19th century.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Sea_level_data_files.zip
Checksum: 6fdc1bfd3e1a9d1029d59587518c537e
Format: BADC CSV format
AVISO CNES
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Acknowledgement: Generated using AVISO+ Products
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['MSL_Serie_MERGED_Global_AVISO_GIA_Adjust_Filter2m_NRT.nc'] downloaded from ['ftp://ftp.aviso.altimetry.fr/pub/oceano/AVISO/indicators/msl/MSL_Serie_MERGED_Global_AVISO_GIA_Adjust_Filter2m_NRT.nc'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:41']
- Selected years within the range 1993 to 2025.
Arctic sea ice
Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Arctic_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 6e0c586b7e705256d317083e828d246a
Format: BADC CSV format
JAXA
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_NHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:46:46']
- Calculated monthly average from values using arithmetic mean of all dates that fall within each month
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NSIDC
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-07-30 07:38:10].
Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-07-30 07:38:10].
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['N_01_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_02_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_03_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_04_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_05_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_06_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_07_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_08_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_09_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_10_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_11_extent_v3.0.csv', 'N_12_extent_v3.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_01_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_02_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_03_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_04_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_05_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_06_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_07_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_08_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_09_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_10_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_11_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_12_extent_v3.0.csv'] at ['2025-07-30 07:38:10', '2025-07-30 07:38:11', '2025-07-30 07:38:12', '2025-07-30 07:38:14', '2025-07-30 07:38:15', '2025-07-30 07:38:16', '2025-07-30 07:38:17', '2025-07-30 07:38:18', '2025-07-30 07:38:19', '2025-07-30 07:38:20', '2025-07-30 07:38:21', '2025-07-30 07:38:22']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NSIDC v4
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:26:54].
Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:26:54].
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['N_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:54', '2025-12-15 11:26:55', '2025-12-15 11:26:56', '2025-12-15 11:26:57', '2025-12-15 11:26:58', '2025-12-15 11:26:59', '2025-12-15 11:27:00', '2025-12-15 11:27:02', '2025-12-15 11:27:03', '2025-12-15 11:27:04', '2025-12-15 11:27:05', '2025-12-15 11:27:06']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
OSI SAF v2.2
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.2, 2023), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-11-07 12:28:51
Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.2 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p2-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p2/nh/osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-11-07 12:28:51']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
OSI SAF v2.3
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.2, 2023), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-12-15 11:27:07
Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.2 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p2-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p3/nh/osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:07']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
Antarctic sea ice
Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Antarctic_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 42f5b57d4a077c8e921d8fdeff4b2491
Format: BADC CSV format
JAXA
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_SHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:47:15']
- Calculated monthly average from values using arithmetic mean of all dates that fall within each month
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NSIDC
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-07-30 07:38:24].
Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-07-30 07:38:24].
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['S_01_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_02_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_03_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_04_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_05_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_06_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_07_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_08_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_09_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_10_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_11_extent_v3.0.csv', 'S_12_extent_v3.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_01_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_02_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_03_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_04_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_05_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_06_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_07_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_08_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_09_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_10_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_11_extent_v3.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_12_extent_v3.0.csv'] at ['2025-07-30 07:38:24', '2025-07-30 07:38:25', '2025-07-30 07:38:26', '2025-07-30 07:38:27', '2025-07-30 07:38:28', '2025-07-30 07:38:29', '2025-07-30 07:38:30', '2025-07-30 07:38:31', '2025-07-30 07:38:32', '2025-07-30 07:38:33', '2025-07-30 07:38:34', '2025-07-30 07:38:36']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
NSIDC v4
Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)
Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:27:08].
Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:27:08].
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['S_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:08', '2025-12-15 11:27:09', '2025-12-15 11:27:10', '2025-12-15 11:27:11', '2025-12-15 11:27:12', '2025-12-15 11:27:13', '2025-12-15 11:27:15', '2025-12-15 11:27:16', '2025-12-15 11:27:17', '2025-12-15 11:27:18', '2025-12-15 11:27:19', '2025-12-15 11:27:20']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
OSI SAF v2.2
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.1, 2020), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-11-07 12:29:05
Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p1-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p2/sh/osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-11-07 12:29:05']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
OSI SAF v2.3
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.1, 2020), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-12-15 11:27:21
Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p1-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p3/sh/osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:21']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
Arctic daily sea ice
Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Arctic_daily_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 9e66e5c88eae26d06de4115c06732152
Format: BADC CSV format
JAXA
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_NHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:46:46']
Antarctic daily sea ice
Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Antarctic_daily_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: c67a3daf547bcd53d5c8688b3bc25b85
Format: BADC CSV format
JAXA
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_SHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:47:15']
Greenland ice sheet
The Greenland ice sheet mass balance measures the change in ice mass of the Greenland ice sheet. The change in mass is estimated in three principle ways: gravimetric measurements, altimetric measurements and the input-output method. Gravimetric measurements infer mass changes from variations in the Earth's gravitational field as measured by the GRACE and GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment - Follow On) satellites. Altimetric measurements, measured the height of the ice sheet surface, using radar and laser altimeters. Input-output methods, use weather conditions from a numerical weather prediction model, to estimate changes in mass balance at the surface of the ice sheet. These are combined with estimates of mass loss from glaciers around the edge of Greenland and melting on the underside of the glaciers. The IMBIE data set combines over 25 different estimates of Greenland mass balance to get a comprehensive view of the long-term changes.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Greenland_ice_sheet_data_files.zip
Checksum: 85ebae3161c97beeb84da232be5b7312
Format: BADC CSV format
NASA GRACE
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Wiese, D. N., D.-N. Yuan, C. Boening, F. W. Landerer, and M. M. Watkins (2019) JPL GRACE and GRACE-FO Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height RL06M CRI Filtered Version 2.0, Ver. 2.0, PO.DAAC, CA, USA. Dataset accessed [2025-12-16 09:49:48] at http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/TEMSC-3MJ62.
Notes: Data from the GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL RL06Mv2 Mascon Solution
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['greenland_mass_200204_2025MMMM.txt'] downloaded from ['https://archive.podaac.earthdata.nasa.gov/podaac-ops-cumulus-protected/GREENLAND_MASS_TELLUS_MASCON_CRI_TIME_SERIES_RL06.3_V4/greenland_mass_200204_2025MMMM.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:49:48']
- Zeroed series on July 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of 617.66 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
IMBIE 2021
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., Smith, B., van den Broeke, M., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Scambos, T., Schlegel, N., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A., Babonis, G., Barletta, V., … Wuite, J. (2021). Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance 1992-2020 for IPCC AR6 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. UK Polar Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, UK Research & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5285/77B64C55-7166-4A06-9DEF-2E400398E452
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['imbie_greenland_2021_Gt.csv'] downloaded from ['https://ramadda.data.bas.ac.uk/repository/entry/get/imbie_greenland_2021_Gt.csv?entryid=synth%3A77b64c55-7166-4a06-9def-2e400398e452%3AL2ltYmllX2dyZWVubGFuZF8yMDIxX0d0LmNzdg%3D%3D'] at ['2023-08-07 14:40:20']
- Zeroed series on July 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of 1000.3866 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
Mankoff et al. 2021
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/OHI23Z
Notes: Filename should be MB_SMB_D_BMB.csv
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['MB_SMB_D_BMB.csv'] downloaded from ['https://thredds.geus.dk/thredds/fileServer/MassBalance/MB_SMB_D_BMB.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:22']
- Zeroed series on July 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of 1453.376009 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
Velicogna et al.
Original data file (external link)
Citations:
- Geruo, A., Wahr, J., & Zhong, S. (2013). Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica and Canada. Geophysical Journal International, 192(2), 557–572.
- Ivins, E. R., T. S. James, J. Wahr, E. J. O Schrama, F. W. Landerer, and K. M. Simon (2013), Antarctic contribution to sea level rise observed by GRACE with improved GIA correction, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, 3126–3141, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50208.
- Loomis, B. D., Rachlin, K. E., & Luthcke, S. B. (2019). Improved Earth oblateness rate reveals increased ice sheet losses and mass-driven sea level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 6910–6917. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082929.
- Peltier, W., Argus, D., & Drummond, R. (2015). Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120, 450–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176.
- Simpson, M. J., Milne, G. A., Huybrechts, P., & Long, A. J. (2009). Calibrating a glaciological model of the Greenland ice sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum to present-day using field observations of relative sea level and ice extent. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(17), 1631–1657.
- Sutterley, T. C., & Velicogna, I. (2019). Improved estimates of geocenter variability from time-variable gravity and ocean model outputs. Remote Sensing, 11(18), 2108.
- Velicogna I., Mohajerani Y., A G., Landerer F., Mouginot J., Noel B., Rignot E., Sutterley T., van den Broeke M., van Wessem J., Wiese D. (2020). Continuity of ice sheet mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions, Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087291.
Notes: Gravimetric (GRACE) ice mass time series for the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are calculated using spherical harmonics from JPL RL06v1, following Velicogna et al (2020). The degree-1 geocentre terms are calculated using Sutterley and Velicogna (2019), using Loomis et al (2020) C2.0 and C3.0 coefficients. The GRACE/GRACE-FO data are corrected for the long-term trend of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) from the solid earth using the regional IJ05 R2 GIA model (Ivins et al., 2013) over Antarctica and the regional Simpson et al. (2009) GIA model over Greenland. These regional GIA models do not include realistic GIA signal outside the ice sheets. For this reason, outside of Greenland and Antarctica, GIA corrections are based on Geruou et al. (2013) with the ICE6G ice history (Peltier et al., 2015).
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['out_ts_filled_4_261_GIS.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-02-28 15:05:54']
- Zeroed series on July 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of -1982.552 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
Antarctic ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet mass balance measures the change in ice mass of the Antarctic ice sheet. The change in mass is estimated in three principle ways: gravimetric measurements, altimetric measurements and the input-output method. Gravimetric measurements infer mass changes from variations in the Earth's gravitational field as measured by the GRACE and GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment - Follow On) satellites. Altimetric measurements, measured the height of the ice sheet surface, using radar and laser altimeters. Input-output methods, use weather conditions from a numerical weather prediction model, to estimate changes in mass balance at the surface of the ice sheet. These are combined with estimates of mass loss from glaciers around the edge of the continent and melting on the underside of the glaciers. The IMBIE data set combines many estimates of Antarctic mass balance to get a comprehensive view of the long-term changes.
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Antarctic_ice_sheet_data_files.zip
Checksum: ed01b76897dbeeef454a2a1bf94c18ea
Format: BADC CSV format
NASA GRACE
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Wiese, D. N., D.-N. Yuan, C. Boening, F. W. Landerer, and M. M. Watkins (2019) JPL GRACE and GRACE-FO Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height RL06M CRI Filtered Version 2.0, Ver. 2.0, PO.DAAC, CA, USA. Dataset accessed [2025-12-16 09:49:07] at http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/TEMSC-3MJ62.
Notes: Data from the GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL RL06Mv2 Mascon Solution
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['antarctica_mass_200204_2025MMMM.txt'] downloaded from ['https://archive.podaac.earthdata.nasa.gov/podaac-ops-cumulus-protected/ANTARCTICA_MASS_TELLUS_MASCON_CRI_TIME_SERIES_RL06.3_V4/antarctica_mass_200204_2025MMMM.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:49:07']
- Zeroed series on June 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of 161.59 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
IMBIE 2021
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
Data citation: Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., Smith, B., van den Broeke, M., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Scambos, T., Schlegel, N., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A., Babonis, G., Barletta, V., … Wuite, J. (2021). Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance 1992-2020 for IPCC AR6 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. UK Polar Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, UK Research & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5285/77B64C55-7166-4A06-9DEF-2E400398E452
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['imbie_antarctica_2021_Gt.csv'] downloaded from ['https://ramadda.data.bas.ac.uk/repository/entry/get/imbie_antarctica_2021_Gt.csv?entryid=synth%3A77b64c55-7166-4a06-9def-2e400398e452%3AL2ltYmllX2FudGFyY3RpY2FfMjAyMV9HdC5jc3Y%3D'] at ['2023-08-07 14:40:19']
- Zeroed series on June 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of 646.1411 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
Velicogna et al.
Original data file (external link)
Citations:
- Geruo, A., Wahr, J., & Zhong, S. (2013). Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica and Canada. Geophysical Journal International, 192(2), 557–572.
- Ivins, E. R., T. S. James, J. Wahr, E. J. O Schrama, F. W. Landerer, and K. M. Simon (2013), Antarctic contribution to sea level rise observed by GRACE with improved GIA correction, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, 3126–3141, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50208.
- Loomis, B. D., Rachlin, K. E., & Luthcke, S. B. (2019). Improved Earth oblateness rate reveals increased ice sheet losses and mass-driven sea level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 6910–6917. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082929.
- Peltier, W., Argus, D., & Drummond, R. (2015). Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120, 450–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176.
- Simpson, M. J., Milne, G. A., Huybrechts, P., & Long, A. J. (2009). Calibrating a glaciological model of the Greenland ice sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum to present-day using field observations of relative sea level and ice extent. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(17), 1631–1657.
- Sutterley, T. C., & Velicogna, I. (2019). Improved estimates of geocenter variability from time-variable gravity and ocean model outputs. Remote Sensing, 11(18), 2108.
- Velicogna I., Mohajerani Y., A G., Landerer F., Mouginot J., Noel B., Rignot E., Sutterley T., van den Broeke M., van Wessem J., Wiese D. (2020). Continuity of ice sheet mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions, Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087291.
Notes: Gravimetric (GRACE) ice mass time series for the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are calculated using spherical harmonics from JPL RL06v1, following Velicogna et al (2020). The degree-1 geocentre terms are calculated using Sutterley and Velicogna (2019), using Loomis et al (2020) C2.0 and C3.0 coefficients. The GRACE/GRACE-FO data are corrected for the long-term trend of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) from the solid earth using the regional IJ05 R2 GIA model (Ivins et al., 2013) over Antarctica and the regional Simpson et al. (2009) GIA model over Greenland. These regional GIA models do not include realistic GIA signal outside the ice sheets. For this reason, outside of Greenland and Antarctica, GIA corrections are based on Geruou et al. (2013) with the ICE6G ice history (Peltier et al., 2015).
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['out_ts_filled_4_261_AIS.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-02-28 15:05:42']
- Zeroed series on June 2005 by subtracting the value for that month from all data values (see next entry)
- Added offset of -761.983 to all data values.
- Manually changed baseline to 2005-2005. Note that data values remain unchanged.
Indian Ocean Dipole
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Indian_Ocean_Dipole_data_files.zip
Checksum: 898534e3594279c4cd11ebee2a3fa226
Format: BADC CSV format
NOAA OSMC
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['dmi.nc'] downloaded from ['https://stateoftheocean.osmc.noaa.gov/sur/data/dmi.nc'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:26']
- Calculated monthly average from values using arithmetic mean of all dates that fall within each month
- Selected years within the range 1990 to 2025.
ONI
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: ONI_data_files.zip
Checksum: 81375957f8c65b810249cdada0d0fef7
Format: BADC CSV format
CPC ONI
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['oni.data'] downloaded from ['https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/oni.data'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:27']
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
Relative ONI
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Relative_ONI_data_files.zip
Checksum: 37ef04733a609e7646c860702fa4b3ef
Format: BADC CSV format
NOAA CPC
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['RONI.ascii.txt'] downloaded from ['https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/RONI.ascii.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:25']
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
ENSO
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: ENSO_data_files.zip
Checksum: e1c6d12dac9e2c6b161fe3a093d6184a
Format: BADC CSV format
ERSSTv5
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['nina34.data'] downloaded from ['https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/nina34.data'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:27']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
HadISST
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['nino34.long.data'] downloaded from ['https://psl.noaa.gov/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/Data/nino34.long.data'] at ['2024-11-27 10:47:43']
- Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
SOI
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: SOI_data_files.zip
Checksum: 7eb1896175d35e1a5a5c402da50d637f
Format: BADC CSV format
CPC SOI
Original data file (external link)
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['soi.data'] downloaded from ['https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/soi.data'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:28']
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Pacific_Decadal_Oscillation_data_files.zip
Checksum: 6529ca54d65246d139714871b4117cb7
Format: BADC CSV format
NOAA CPC
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['ersst.v5.pdo.dat'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/ersst/v5/index/ersst.v5.pdo.dat'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:24']
- Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025.
Arctic Oscillation
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Arctic_Oscillation_data_files.zip
Checksum: 9ec88c64297d1ad722fdd516efff0ea7
Format: BADC CSV format
NOAA CPC
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table'] downloaded from ['https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:23']
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
Antarctic Oscillation
The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.
Data file: Antarctic_Oscillation_data_files.zip
Checksum: 700a94ce4355ab97e993ce68f5bd0306
Format: BADC CSV format
NOAA CPC
Original data file (external link)
Citation:
To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:
- Data set created from file ['monthly.aao.index.b79.current.ascii.table'] downloaded from ['https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/aao/monthly.aao.index.b79.current.ascii.table'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:23']
- Selected years within the range 2010 to 2025.
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