Introduction

A key indicator of climate change is the global mean temperature. Global mean temperature measures the change in temperature near the surface of the Earth and averaged across its surface. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the primary driver of the long-term increase in global mean temperature.

The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement is generally understood to refer to long-term changes in temperature, so a single year that exceeds 1.5°C would not necessarily signal a breach of the threshold.

Warming of the Earth is not the same everywhere. The land has warmed more rapidly than the ocean and the rate of warming has been highest in the Arctic, which has warmed around two to four times faster than the global mean depending on the time period chosen.

What the IPCC says

A.1.2 Each of the last four decades has been successively warmer than any decade that preceded it since 1850. Global surface temperature in the first two decades of the 21st century (2001-2020) was 0.99 [0.84 to 1.10] °C higher than 1850-1900. Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20] °C higher in 2011-2020 than 1850-1900, with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83] °C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01] °C). The estimated increase in global surface temperature since AR5 is principally due to further warming since 2003-2012 (+0.19 [0.16 to 0.22] °C). Additionally, methodological advances and new datasets contributed approximately 0.1°C to the updated estimate of warming in AR6.

A.1.3 The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850-1900 to 2010-2019 is 0.8°C to 1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C. It is likely that well-mixed GHGs contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C, other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C. It is very likely that well-mixed GHGs were the main driver of tropospheric warming since 1979 and extremely likely that human-caused stratospheric ozone depletion was the main driver of cooling of the lower stratosphere between 1979 and the mid-1990s.

Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd warmest on record. The anomaly for 2025 was 1.45 [1.32 to 1.58]°C relative to the 1850-1900 average 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires (to Oct 2025), ERA5 (to Nov 2025), GISTEMP (to Nov 2025), HadCRUT5 (to Oct 2025), JRA-3Q (to Nov 2025), and NOAAGlobalTemp v6 (to Nov 2025).

Paragraph updated: 2025-12-16 09:53

Global mean sea-surface temperature

The year 2025 was ranked the 3rd highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.40°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.40-0.40°C depending on the data set used). 2 data sets were used in this assessment: ERSST (to Nov 2025) and HadSST4 (to Nov 2025).The highest year on record was 2024 with a value between 0.49 and 0.51 °C.

The year 2024 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.50°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.49-0.51°C depending on the data set used). 2 data sets were used in this assessment: ERSST and HadSST4.

Paragraph updated: 2025-12-16 09:53

Global mean land temperature

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.80°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.70-0.90°C depending on the data set used). 3 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, CRUTEM5, and GHCNv4 (to Nov 2025).The highest year on record was 2024 with a value between 0.89 and 1.03 °C.

The year 2024 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2024 was 0.95°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.89-1.03°C depending on the data set used). 3 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, CRUTEM5, and GHCNv4.

Paragraph updated: 2025-12-16 09:53

Dataset and processing details

Global mean temperature

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Global_mean_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 93a10377dd3ea52c4fb5b2cf2449e1f1 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:52']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2025-12-15 11:24:54)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2025]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['C3S_Bulletin_temp_202511_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2025-MMMM/C3S_Bulletin_temp_YLYLMLML_Fig1b_timeseries_anomalies_ref1991-2020_global_allmonths_DATA.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:24:54']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 11:34:21 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2025-12-11 11:34:21']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2025-12-16 09:05:53 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:53', '2025-12-16 09:05:53']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-16 08:39:00.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['JRA-3Q_tmp2m_global_ts_125_Clim9120.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2025-12-16 08:39:00']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2025-12-16 09:05:57.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.202511.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2025-12-16 09:05:57']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

Land air temperature

Land surface air temperature is the temperature of air approximately 2m above the surface. It is measured at weather stations around the world. The thermometers used are typically housed in screens that shield the thermometer from direct sunlight, while allowing air to circulate freely.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Land_air_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 157bc67c2e29c54404ba3c701c1f97fa Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Complete_TAVG_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Complete_TAVG_complete.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:25:16']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.

CRUTEM5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Osborn, T. J., P. D. Jones, D. H. Lister, C. P. Morice, I. R. Simpson and I. C. Harris (2020), Land surface air temperature variations across the globe updated to 2019: the CRUTEM5 dataset, J. Geophys. Res. doi: 10.1029/2019JD032352.

Acknowledgement: CRUTEM.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5 on 2025-12-15 11:25:16 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['CRUTEM.5.1.0.0.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'CRUTEM.5.1.0.0.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5/data/CRUTEM.5.1.0.0/diagnostics/CRUTEM.5.1.0.0.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5/data/CRUTEM.5.1.0.0/diagnostics/CRUTEM.5.1.0.0.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:25:16', '2025-12-15 11:25:16']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.

GHCNv4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Menne, M. J., C. N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J. J Rennie, and J. H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, in press. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'aravg.ann.land.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] at ['2025-12-15 11:25:35']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.

Sea-surface temperature

Sea-surface temperature (SST) is the temperature of the surface ocean, typically measured in the upper metre, or metres of the ocean, by ships, buoys and satellites.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Sea-surface_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: fb0b0711df8608768259e9fbfa0f0b51 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

ERSST

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Huang, B., Peter W. Thorne, et. al, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5), Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1.

Data citation: Boyin Huang, Peter W. Thorne, Viva F. Banzon, Tim Boyer, Gennady Chepurin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas M. Smith, Russell S. Vose, and Huai-Min Zhang (2017): NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5T72FNM [2025-12-15 11:26:12].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v6.0.0.2025MMMM.asc'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:12']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.

HadSST4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Atkinson, C. P., and Killick, R. E. (2019). An ensemble data set of sea-surface temperature change from 1850: the Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867.

Acknowledgement: HadSST.4.2.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4 on 2025-12-15 11:26:30 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2025, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'HadSST.4.2.0.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:30', '2025-12-15 11:26:30']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2025.

Temperature anomaly map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2025-12-11 12:14:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 14:45:04 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-12-11 14:45:04']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-11 12:21:31.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-12-11 12:21:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2025-12-11 12:14:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 14:45:04 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-12-11 14:45:04']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-11 12:21:31.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-12-11 12:21:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

Temperature anomaly rank map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_rank_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2025-12-11 12:14:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth Hires_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2025
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2025
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-12-11 14:45:04 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2025-12-11 14:45:04']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2025
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2025
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2025-12-11 12:21:31.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2025MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2025MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2025-12-11 12:21:31']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-3Q_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-3Q_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2025
• Selected year range 2025 to 2025