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Sea ice extent

Arctic sea ice extent (shown as differences from the 1991-2020 average) from 1979 to 2025. Two months are shown - March and September - at the annual maximum and minimum extents respectively.

Arctic sea ice

Arctic sea ice extent (shown as differences from the 1991-2020 average) from 1979 to 2025. Two months are shown - March and September - at the annual maximum and minimum extents respectively.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Antarctic sea ice extent (shown as differences from the 1991-2020 average) from 1979 to 2025. Two months are shown - September and February - at the annual maximum and minimum extents respectively.

Antarctic sea ice

Antarctic sea ice extent (shown as differences from the 1991-2020 average) from 1979 to 2025. Two months are shown - September and February - at the annual maximum and minimum extents respectively.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Daily Arctic sea ice extent throughout the year, 1978-2025. Grey lines show individual years. 2025 is highlighted in blue and the 1991-2020 average in black. Data are from JAXA

Arctic daily sea ice

Daily Arctic sea ice extent throughout the year, 1978-2025. Grey lines show individual years. 2025 is highlighted in blue and the 1991-2020 average in black. Data are from JAXA

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Daily Antarctic sea ice extent throughout the year, 1978-2025. Grey lines show individual years. 2025 is highlighted in blue and the 1991-2020 average in black. Data are from JAXA

Antarctic daily sea ice

Daily Antarctic sea ice extent throughout the year, 1978-2025. Grey lines show individual years. 2025 is highlighted in blue and the 1991-2020 average in black. Data are from JAXA

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Introduction

Sea ice is ice that floats on the surface of the ocean. It affects the transfer of heat, energy, momentum and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Sea ice also plays an important role in many polar ecosystems. Sea-ice extent is a measure of the area of the ocean covered by sea ice.

Sea ice reflects sunlight and absorbs relatively little compared to dark ocean water. If sea ice cover is reduced, the surface absorbs far more sunlight and warms up. In turn the warming can reduce sea ice cover. This feedback is one reason that the Arctic has warmed faster than the global average.

The formation and persistence of sea ice is different in the northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, ice forms largely within the confines of the Arctic ocean, which is enclosed by the coasts of the northern land masses, and other partly enclosed seas. In the southern hemisphere, the ice forms around the edge of the Antarctic continent.

Because sea ice is floating ice, melting and growth of sea ice have little effect on sea level.

What the IPCC says

A1.5 Human influence is very likely the main driver of the global retreat of glaciers since the 1990s and the decrease in Arctic sea ice area between 1979-1988 and 2010-2019 (decreases of about 40% in September and about 10% in March). There has been no significant trend in Antarctic sea ice area from 1979 to 2020 due to regionally opposing trends and large internal variability.

Chapter 2 Current Arctic sea ice coverage levels are the lowest since at least 1850 for both annual mean and late-summer values (high confidence) and for the past 1000 years for late-summer values (medium confidence). Between 1979 and 2019, Arctic sea ice area has decreased in both summer and winter, with sea ice becoming younger, thinner and more dynamic (very high confidence). Decadal means for Arctic sea ice area decreased from 6.23 million km2 in 1979-1988 to 3.76 million km2 in 2010-2019 for September and from 14.52 to 13.42 million km2 for March. Antarctic sea ice area has experienced little net change since 1979 (high confidence), with only minor differences between sea ice area decadal means for 1979-1988 (2.04 million km2 for February, 15.39 million km2 for September) and 2010-2019 (2.17 million km2 for February, 15.75 million km2 for September)

Key messages

Arctic sea-ice extent

Arctic sea ice extent in March 2025 was between 13.60 and 14.18million km2. This was the 1st lowest extent on record. In September the extent was between 4.69 and 5.24million km2. This was between the 11th and 13th lowest extent on record. Data sets used were: JAXA, NSIDC v4, and OSI SAF v2.3

Paragraph updated: 2025-12-16 09:53

Antarctic sea-ice extent

Antarctic sea ice extent in February 2025 was between 2.22 and 2.47million km2. This was the 4th lowest extent on record. In September the extent was between 17.64 and 18.07million km2. This was the 3rd lowest extent on record. Data sets used were: JAXA, NSIDC v4, and OSI SAF v2.3

Paragraph updated: 2025-12-16 09:53

Dataset and processing details

Arctic sea ice

Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Arctic_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 7933ad0521b9c27d7a301b1ada2d12b2
Format: BADC CSV format

JAXA

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_NHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:46:46']
  • Calculated monthly average from values using arithmetic mean of all dates that fall within each month
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting March from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

NSIDC v4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:26:54].

Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:26:54].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['N_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'N_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:26:54', '2025-12-15 11:26:55', '2025-12-15 11:26:56', '2025-12-15 11:26:57', '2025-12-15 11:26:58', '2025-12-15 11:26:59', '2025-12-15 11:27:00', '2025-12-15 11:27:02', '2025-12-15 11:27:03', '2025-12-15 11:27:04', '2025-12-15 11:27:05', '2025-12-15 11:27:06']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting March from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

OSI SAF v2.3

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.2, 2023), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-12-15 11:27:07

Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.2 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p2-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p3/nh/osisaf_nh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:07']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting March from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

Antarctic sea ice

Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Antarctic_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 3359c333af684b656375b5a271d55c24
Format: BADC CSV format

JAXA

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_SHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:47:15']
  • Calculated monthly average from values using arithmetic mean of all dates that fall within each month
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting February from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

NSIDC v4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Data citation: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:27:08].

Acknowledgement: Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. 2017, updated daily. Sea Ice Index, Version 3. 1979-present. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. [2025-12-15 11:27:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['S_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'S_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] downloaded from ['ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_01_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_02_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_03_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_04_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_05_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_06_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_07_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_08_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_09_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_10_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_11_extent_v4.0.csv', 'ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/south/monthly/data/S_12_extent_v4.0.csv'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:08', '2025-12-15 11:27:09', '2025-12-15 11:27:10', '2025-12-15 11:27:11', '2025-12-15 11:27:12', '2025-12-15 11:27:13', '2025-12-15 11:27:15', '2025-12-15 11:27:16', '2025-12-15 11:27:17', '2025-12-15 11:27:18', '2025-12-15 11:27:19', '2025-12-15 11:27:20']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting February from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

OSI SAF v2.3

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

Data citation: EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, Sea ice index 1979-onwards (v2.1, 2020), OSI-420, Data extracted from OSI SAF FTP server: 1979-present, Northern Hemisphere, accessed 2025-12-15 11:27:21

Acknowledgement: The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1 is made available at https://osisaf-hl.met.no/v2p1-sea-ice-index. The OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2p1 is prepared using EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration data, with R&D input from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) (Lavergne et al. 2019)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://osisaf.met.no/prod_test/ice/index/v2p3/sh/osisaf_sh_sie_monthly.txt'] at ['2025-12-15 11:27:21']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
  • Calculated annual series by extracting February from each year
  • Calculated annual series by extracting September from each year

Arctic daily sea ice

Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Arctic_daily_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: d40dfd1ddf3c3ba3797ee8041d2b2596
Format: BADC CSV format

JAXA

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_NHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:46:46']

Antarctic daily sea ice

Sea-ice concentrations are estimated from microwave radiances measured from satellites (from 1979). Sea-ice extent is calculated as the area of ocean grid cells where the sea-ice concentration exceeds 15%. Although there are relatively large differences in the absolute extent between data sets, they agree well on the year-to-year changes and the trends.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Antarctic_daily_sea_ice_data_files.zip
Checksum: 5dad8ac3228e20d67f0a627de87df7ba
Format: BADC CSV format

JAXA

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['JASMES_CLIMATE_SIE_5DAVG_PS_SHM.txt'] downloaded from ['ftp://apollo.eorc.jaxa.jp/pub/JASMES/Polar_XXkm/sie/'] at ['2025-12-16 08:47:15']

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